動(dòng)詞不定式的“特例”
英孚冬令營(yíng)
一、省略“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式
to是動(dòng)詞不定式常常帶有的小品詞,是動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)志。但在下列情況下它常常被省略掉。
1. 作感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,hear,feel,notice等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。如:
we felt the house shake. 我們感到房屋搖晃。
2. 作使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。如:
she lets us meet her at the station. 她讓我們?nèi)ボ囌窘铀?/p>
3. help后的賓語補(bǔ)足語前可帶to也可不帶to.如:
she helped her mother(to)prepare for christmas. 她幫助她母親為圣誕節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備。
4. “will you please …?”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)to要省略。如:
will you please close the door? 請(qǐng)你關(guān)上門,好嗎?
5. “had better(not)…”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)to要省略。如:
you had better not talk in class. 在課堂上,你最好不要說話。
6. “would rather(寧愿)…”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)to要省略。如:
i would rather stay at home. 我寧愿待在家里。
7. “why not …?”結(jié)構(gòu)中,緊跟其后的動(dòng)詞不定式要省略to.如:
why not ask jim? 為什么不問問吉姆?
8. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列在一起時(shí),第一個(gè)不定式前加to,后面的不定式往往省略to.如:
he told me to finish my homework and(to)hand it in. 他告訴我完成作業(yè)并把它交上去。
二、疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式
疑問詞what,which,how,where,when等可以和動(dòng)詞不定式連用,構(gòu)成不定式短語!耙蓡栐~+動(dòng)詞不定式”可以作主語、賓語、表語等。如:
when to start off hasn’t been decided yet. 什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒決定。(作主語)
the question is which bus to take. 問題是乘哪輛公共汽車。(作表語)
“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”可以由名詞從句簡(jiǎn)化而來。如:
i don’t know what i should say.→i don’t know what to say.
三、too…to …/enough to和so…that…
so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句可以用too…to…和enough to…改成簡(jiǎn)單句,若從句是否定含義既可用“too+形容詞/副詞+to…”改寫,也可用“not+形容詞/副詞(原句中形容詞/副詞的反義詞)+enough+to…”改寫;若從句是肯定含義常用enough to…改寫。如:
1. the girl is so young that she can’t join the army.
→the girl is too young to join the army.
或→the girl is not old enough to join the army. 這個(gè)女孩太小不能參軍。
2. he runs so fast that he can get there first.
→he runs fast enough to get there first. 他跑得夠快,可以第一個(gè)到那兒。