來源:本站原創(chuàng)    點擊率:    發(fā)布: 2013-10-31

現(xiàn)在完成時由have的人稱形式加過去分詞構(gòu)成。他的肯定、否定及疑問形式如下：

武漢英語冬令營介紹 現(xiàn)在完成時

　　i have read it.

　　i have not read it.

　　have you read it?

　　現(xiàn)在完成時表示現(xiàn)刻以前發(fā)生的動作或情況，可以是：

　　1. 到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時期中發(fā)生的情況（可能時多次動作的總和，也可表示狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣性動作）：

　　we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.

　　how many pages have you covered today?

　　i haven’t seen him for many days.

　　2. 對現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作：

　　the delegation has already left.

　　i have seen the film many times.

　　the city has taken on a new look.

　　注： 這個時態(tài)有時還可以表示過去曾發(fā)生過一次或多次的情況，也可以說是一種經(jīng)歷：

　　all our children have had measles.

　　man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.

　　he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.

　　這個時態(tài)的基本特點是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是講迄今為止這一段時間的情況，或是講一個影響現(xiàn)狀的動作，這樣它不是從時間上就是從后果上和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來。根據(jù)這個特點我們可以判斷什么時候用一般過去時，什么時候用現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　1. 當(dāng)有一個表示過去某時的狀語（包括when）時，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　i saw her a minute ago.

　　just now xiao lin came to see you.

　　when did you get to know it?

　　2.當(dāng)有一個表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的狀語時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.

　　we haven’t had any physical training classes this week.

　　he has learned a good deal since he came here.

　　3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never這類副詞作狀語時，�？捎矛F(xiàn)在完成時：

　　this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.

　　have you got the plan ready yet? ╟no, not yet.

　　i’ve just received a money order.

　　4.在單獨談一個過去的動作，不涉及它對現(xiàn)在的影響時，通常用一般過去時，如果談一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，不考慮它是什么時候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮對現(xiàn)在的影響，多用現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　did you get up very early?

　　has he got up?

　　what did you have for lunch?

　　have you had lunch?

　　i got the news from xiao yu.

　　i’ve got no news from him.

　　注： 有since引起的狀語時，主要謂語通常用完成時態(tài)：

　　we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).

　　it has rained a great deal since you left.

　　we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示時間長度時可用一般現(xiàn)在時。

　　l 在使用一個表示狀態(tài)的動詞（如be, seem等）作謂語時，間或也可用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)：

　　it’s ok since i fixed it.

　　it seems a long time since i was here.

　　i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 間或用過去時，特別時在口語中。

　　i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.

　　在since引起的狀語從句中，通常用一般過去時。但間或可用現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　i haven’t seen him since i have been back.

　　since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.

　　有時同樣一句漢語，由于使用場合不用，譯成英語時可能需要不同時態(tài)：

　　has xiao yang come?

　　did xiao yang come?

　　how many people have gone to the factory?

　　how many people went to the factory?

　　we haven’t invited him.

　　we didn’t invite him.

　　有時同樣一個動作，也隨著說話的意圖不同而用不同時態(tài)表示：

　　has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句談動作本身，與現(xiàn)在無聯(lián)系。

　　have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午飯了嗎？在那吃的？

　　has she left? why did she leave so early?

　　某些動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時刻表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：

　　how have you been (recently)?

　　the conference has lasted five days.

　　we’ve known each other since we were children.

　　特別是動詞be，是常常這樣用的：

　　he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back）

　　she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能說has become)

　　he has been in college for a year. (不能說has entered)

　　由于come, become, enter和get up 等動詞都只代表一個短暫的動作，不能代表一個延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，這是需要用be來表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)：

　　另外有少數(shù)動詞（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于現(xiàn)在完成時表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個動作：

　　how long have you worked here？

　　she has taught english for many years.

　　we’ve lived here for quite a few years.

　　但大多數(shù)動詞不宜這樣用，而需用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。

　　注：have been (to)長可用來表示“到過某地”或“剛?cè)プ鲞^某事”

　　have you ever been to xi’an?

　　xiao liu has just been here.

　　we’ve been here(there)many times.

　　l 現(xiàn)在完成時還可用在表示時間或條件的狀語從句中，表示將來某時業(yè)已完成的動作：

　　i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.

　　we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then

　　i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.

　　這利用“現(xiàn)在完成時”時表示這動作將在另一動作之前完成。如果兩個動詞同時發(fā)生，或幾乎同時發(fā)生，（也就是說一個動作緊接著另一個動作），一般就不用這個時態(tài)：

　　i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.

　　she’ll write you when she gets there.

　　在這樣的情況下（特別是當(dāng)我們用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的動作的動詞時），多用一般現(xiàn)在時。有時兩種時態(tài)都可以用：

　　we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.

　　i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).

　　注：have got 形式上時現(xiàn)在完成時，卻和have時同一個意思：

　　she has got (=has) a slight temperature.

　　have you got (=do you have) any sisters?

　　另外，現(xiàn)在有一種傾向，特別是在美國，在隨便談話時，常用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時：

　　i saw it already (=i have seen it already).

　　did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records yet）？

　　i just come back (=i’ve just come back).